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Forest Offsets and the California Compliance Market: Bringing an Abstract Ecosystem Good to Market

机译:森林偏移量和加利福尼亚法规遵从市场:将抽象生态系统推向市场

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摘要

Improved Forest Management (IFM) projects under the California cap-and-trade market allow production of new, non-traditional commodities: forest carbon offsets. Earlier analyses have considered forest offsets generated through tree planting in the Global South, as vehicles for sustainable development. However, the California IFM program is testing offset production in new geographic and forest management contexts: with offsets produced and consumed within the US on working (timber producing) forests. With data drawn from California IFM project design documents and in-depth interviews with carbon project developers, this study traces the development, sale, and maintenance of forest offsets, in order to map access to benefits along the commodity chain. Results reveal that the cost and complexity of rendering biological services ‘real’ for market legitimacy are reducing benefits to marginal landowners, who lack needed capital, knowledge, and technology to bring offsets to market. An important insight of this study is that the state has maintained power over program participation and offset supply through control of the forest offset methodology, creating a production process largely mediated by the state, adding risk and uncertainty to market participation. Findings provide an empirical example of neoliberal nature and offer broader lessons on governance and benefit distribution for ecosystem service commodity chains.
机译:加利福尼亚限额交易市场下的改进森林管理(IFM)项目允许生产新的非传统商品:森林碳补偿。较早的分析已经将全球南方的植树造林产生的森林补偿作为可持续发展的手段。但是,加利福尼亚州的IFM计划正在新的地理和森林管理环境下测试胶印生产:在美国境内,在工作(木材生产)森林上生产和消费胶印。利用加利福尼亚IFM项目设计文档中的数据以及对碳项目开发商的深入采访,本研究追踪了森林补偿的开发,销售和维护,以便绘制出在整个商品链中获得利益的途径。结果表明,为市场合法性提供生物服务“真实”的成本和复杂性正在减少边际土地所有者的利益,他们缺乏所需的资本,知识和技术来向市场提供补偿。这项研究的重要见解在于,国家通过控制森林补偿方法来保持对计划参与和补偿供应的控制权,创造了一个主要由国家为中介的生产过程,从而增加了市场参与的风险和不确定性。研究结果提供了新自由主义性质的经验例证,并为生态系统服务商品链的治理和利益分配提供了更广泛的经验教训。

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